• birth rate: the ratio of live births in a specified area, group, etc, to the population of that area, etc, usually expressed per 1000 population per year.

• death rate: the number of deaths per unit, usually 1000, of population in a given place and time.

• infant mortality rate: the number of infant death

• life expectancy: the probable number of years remaining in the life of an individual or class of persons determined statistically, affected by such factors as heredity, physical condition, nutrition, and occupation.

• birth control: regulation of the number of children born through the deliberate control or prevention of conception.
• dependency ratio: the state of being dependent

• family planning: the concept or a program of limiting the size of families through the spacing or prevention of pregnancies, esp. for economic reasons

• population pyramids/age-gender structures: 

• replacement rate: someone or something that takes the place of another.

• fertility rate: the birthrate of a population.

• ageing population: the length of time during which a being or thing has existed.

• population distribution and population density:the act or instance of distributing people and their density.